Dynamic Nature Of Tourism And Hospitality Industry

Dynamic Nature Of Tourism And Hospitality Industry Tourism is a combination of services, activities and companies that provides you traveling experience with transportation, accommodation, food, entertainment, activity facilities and other hospitality services (Mathieson and Wall, 1982). Hospitality is how well the community accepts you and their attitude towards you which make you feel safe and welcome. It is the interaction between the host and the guest associated with protection, etiquettes and respect. The extent to which the community shows hospitality varies with the culture and subculture of different societies (Lankford S.V, 1994). Tourism and hospitality is claimed to be the worlds largest industry by World Tourism Organization (WTO) with turnover of $3 trillion dollars. Sri Lanka is famous for its tourism, mainly because of its beautiful islands beaches, old heritage and worlds best resorts in mountains. Tourist comes from all over the world for facilitating themselves and for this purpose the main tourism organization working is Sri Lanka Tourist Development Authority. This Organization is working in developing Sri Lanka to be the Asias most preferable tourist destination. It uses its products creatively while promising effective and efficient use of resources. They are working hard to identify unique services, formulating as well as implementing new strategies for tourism development. Structure This assignment is divided into five different sections from section A to section E. Section A would discuss the brief introduction about tourism/hospitality and the tourism organization selected, section B would define the different services and product offering offered by tourism organizations in order to promote growth, section C would discuss about the global demand issues that drive the constant need for updating tourism services. Whereas section D will focus on innovative strategies and activities followed by tourism organization to satisfy these changes in demand. Section E would discuss the services provided by SLTDA. B) Different Product/Services by Tourism Organizations: The basic services that the every tourist expects to receive are: Accommodation: Varies according to your packages from motels, private small hotels, 5 stars hotels and resorts. Food Facilities: Tourist experience depends a lot on the food quality he is available to as most often people travel for exploring the beautiful locations and for enjoying the different kind of food of that country. Time and Money: Tourism Development depends a lot on the access and ease the tourist gets after enjoying his vacations and for that it is important that he does not faces such issues relating to time and money specially. Accommodation, Tours, Sight-seeing, Cruises, Car rentals, Best Air fare rates, Transportation, Tour Guides, Entertainment are some of the basic facilities provided to you by tourism organizations depending about your package. Whether you want to have a luxurious vacation with all the facilities at its best or a simple economical holiday, this tourism organization has packages according to your budgets and demands (David Weaver, 2005). Tourism organization has to work on constant basis for developing there product portfolio in order to maintain their demand and to stimulate growth because once you have plan to go on a vacation, at first you select the best possible place depending on your affordability and after you have shortlisted two to three places you start listing them according to their product/services offering. The best tourism package offered with all the preferable facilities and the one which is within your range as well (David Weaver, 2005) B.1) Different Value Added Facilities Provided By Tourism Organization: Bucket shop: Bucket shops are retail outlets which offer discount rates in airfares in commission with tourism organizations. Charter airlines: These airlines facilitate the movement of tourists on packages tours or seat-only package. They offer low cost transportation services to holiday destinations, for this the customer however has to make compromises by traveling at inconvenient hours or by providing just elementary services. Computerized Reservation System (CRS): Access to airfares, schedules, packages, availability of seats and reservation beforehand become possible by this system. C) Global Demand Issues in Tourism C.1) Background Diversification is important in tourism. It refers the addition of new product to the already developed products portfolio; it is a process by which new products are added to the product portfolio of a tourism business or destination in order to avoid over-dependence on a few, often highly competitive, products. Tourism has changed in the last 30 years with the rise of the jet aircraft; it has now emerged as a global phenomenon. It is today one of the most important global industry. 593 million tourist travelled abroad in the year 1996 while in 2003, 694 million tourists travelled worldwide (Long, P. T, 2000) Before it was difficult to analyze the accurate data but after the development of Tourism Satellite Account(TSAs) it became easier as TSAs informs you about the accurate, reliable and comparable data which is collected by individual nation. However it was also came in notice that economic crisis like Gulf War, effect of 9/11, oil crisis in 1970s effect tourism and tourism organization economically as it is a global risk for tourists to travel in such conditions (Stephen J Page, 2005). C.2) Consumer and the changing world The economical as well as geo-political situation demands for new strategies day by day. Variation in technology, demographics, political and world scenario changes the outlook of world as well as of customer. There are two perspectives in this new demand factor. Demand is influenced by factors such as traveling motivation and the ability to travel and on the other hand we have behavioral changes like destination preferences, ease at traveling, quality of experience but all these demands vary upon the intention of traveling. The person who has been traveling a lot and is experienced will adjust to the surrounding even if it is not according to his demands (Martin Lohman, 2004) The other influencing factors in the tourism demand are divided into different categories for better understanding that is economy, politics, crisis and threats, demographic change and technology and all these factors are inter linked with each other. These factors have impact as holiday demand is driven by the need, motivation and realization depending on the economical situation of the individual and freedom to travel. External factor has an impact by effecting the ability to travel that is freedom, money, time, physical ability) while consumer behavior does not depend on any single factor but is actually the reaction caused by the external factors and is also backed by the internal factors such as motivation, strong desire (Martin Lohman, 2004). Moreover there are several emerging factors having its impact on the demand and creating this dynamic nature of tourism which is known to all however bringing an overnight change is not possible, similarly these trends will also not change the world tourism. C.3) Demographic Changes: Although it was a constant process but in recent years it is showing changes more often now and is considered to be the most important in the European countries. These demographic trends have an impact on tourism plan of countries. Previous researches has shown that people in European countries doesnt change their traveling pattern due to their increasing age or retirement but it is now observed that the generation when will reach the age of 60s would not follow the same pattern. The senior citizen today are more active and enjoy all these tourism activities but the senior lot in next 15 years will be dull and less active comparatively. Similarly the declining rate in number of children is also showing some changes but this rate is really slow to bring in notice therefore one does not expect tourism organizations to change or re-orient their strategies (Lohmann and Denielsson, 2001). C.4) Standardization vs. Unique Offering: Technology is changing, with this new era of changing trend it is expected that the customers will demand for high quality product offering and will thrive for change but it is also stated that a little bit of standardization is a must for tourism product portfolio. But too much standardization will be a bigger risk for organizations because there will be no variety offering matching to the rapid demand of exclusivity. The customer today wants both quality and uniqueness. This means that the industry has a new challenge because it has to maintain a balance between standardization and exclusivity (Lohman, 2004) Moreover considering the ongoing demand it is not necessary that the tourism product offered is good or not similarly whether the product is considered good by the consumer is also not important, the important thing is that it should be considerably in the list of priority high lightened by the tourist and should be considered the best in the specific list. Same goes for the tourism organization which include travel agencies, operators, hotel management and transportation in-charge by offering convinces and guidelines to help the consumers (Lohman, 2004). Currently there is no major changes to be predicted but that doesnt mean that we take it as a smooth path because one cannot predict future and it is always expected to show unexpected event for example any political change, any natural disaster, epidemic disease, war) therefore it is necessary and also possible that the tourism organizations prepare for the changing trend which can be identified by keeping a close eye on current situation. Demand is high but that will not make you able to sell anything to experienced tourists (Taylor, 2001). All these above global issues make it necessary for the tourism and hospitality organization to constantly develop their products to meet the constant demand. D) Strategies and Different Activities Employed By Tourism Organizations: Strategic planning consists of several steps. The first step is to formalize a proper organization which controls all the necessary details. Then a vision must be developed about how you actually want to shape out everything followed by other details including infrastructure and investment issues. D.1) Competition: As time is changing the world is also in constant demand of change which is resulting in competition among different countries thriving for economic growth, development better than the other country. Similarly the world tourism is also emerging day by day and countries are trying to benefit themselves by developing their country into a proper tourist spot in return generating huge revenue (Fainstein Gladstone, 1999). This will also benefit the country in prospering as developing the country will make the government work on infrastructure and surrounding quality along with that it will help making the relation stronger of the host country with the other countries whose tourists are welcomed with immense hospitality. Moreover for handling tourism more employment is needed which is good for the localities and it is also noticed that those countries which are not developing themselves for betterment and tourism may left behind in such a competitive environment where every other nation i s fighting for a standalone position in the planet (Fainstein Gladstone, 1999). Not just internationally it is expected among the cities as well within the same countries to work for their own betterment competing with the other city of the same nation. Every city mayor should work for the development of its own city which may eventually result making the city a place for tourism destination (Holcomb, 1999) D.2) Strategies Development: Countries that strive to be competitive must develop a long term strategy and start working on it because without a plan you cannot achieve your goal. Its a long term process because developing a country in a preferable tourism destination and above all developing the sense of hospitality among the local community is not an easy job. Therefore for achieving this difficult task you need to first develop a strategy which is a set of policies intended to achieve your goal and mission (Getz, 1997). D.3) Innovation: Further more once the mission is achieved one must not take it for granted and should work to improve it day by day as tourism industry can never settle on one standardize procedure, it must keep brining innovation depending on the current trend and demands on its consumer (Van den Berg et al, 1995). D.4) 3 As of Tourism: There are 3 As of tourism which must be kept in mind all the time because it has the core importance Access: Transportation must be provided to the tourist easily so that they can easily access their desirable tourist spots. Attraction: Tourists must find variety of attractive places to visit and explore. They must have different choices to make so that they can enjoy their trip completely instead of sitting at home even on vacations. Amenities: The facilities available to the tourist on the particular location or destination they plan to visit. However the most important A in this category is the second one Attraction as tourism is all about exploring and visiting different locations (Dieke and Karamustafa, 2000). D.5) Events: People are getting involved into different kinds of events and therefore chose holiday destination considering the upcoming possible event, so that they can enjoy their holiday break completely. Therefore the event business is also a profitable business these days. It is also noticed that sometime events make the tourist visit a specific location for example Dubai festivals or fashion shows make people visit Dubai, which often doesnt hold a desire for exploring Dubai but those events (Getz, 2004). This helps a lot in off seasons when tourism is at a low level encouraging the tourists to visit helping the tourism organization in maintain their profits. Besides that it also help in developing an image of the host country in a favorable position making the country as a favorite holiday destination for people from all over the world. (Mossberg, 2000) As events are important part of tourism, one should work for its marketing in a proper way. Promotions through blogs, brochures, press release are some common way for marketing the events. Different marketing channels should be adopted for promoting the events so that everyone comes to know about it and it should be done giving enough time to the travelers so that they can plan a trip conveniently. D.6) Culture and Roots: The host country should emphasize on its culture greatly because the tourist find it attractive as it gives them something different to explore. Ancient heritage, monuments is of keen interest for the tourists and in this way one can make its own culture known to the people worldwide as well (Mossberg, 2000). E) Sri Lankan Tourist Development Authority: E.1) Tourism In Sri Lanka: Sri Lankas main business comes from its tourism. It has ancient heritage, beaches, beautiful mountains, lush green resorts making it a perfect spot for holidays. Tourists comes from every part of the world to visit Sri Lanka as it has a really good tourism development organizations working for the betterment of industry and bringing diversification in there product offering. Visa policy for Sri Lanka is comparatively easy to get. Usually they give a tourist visa for 30 days but it can also get extended. Your visa can extend up to three months by paying some amount and it can further increase for three months giving extension fees along with additional Rs.10,000 however extension more than this depends upon the concerned authority ((Sri Lanka Development Tourist Authority Online) E.2) Different Exclusive Offering By SLTDA: Sri Lankan Tourist Development Authority offers different exclusive services in order to satisfy their customers and confirming a great experience depending on their affordability Heritage: Sri Lanka is rich in ancient heritage. It has preserved Asian monuments which are an attraction for people all around from the world especially for tourists who are fond of ancient culture and tradition specially visits Sri Lanka for enjoying these cultural, belief and traditional way of living that is held in reserve in the roots of Sri Lanka. UNESCO world heritage, Adams Peak are some of the must visit in Sri Lanka.(Sri Lanka Tourism Guide) SPA and Ayuerveda Treatment: They just not revive your mind and body but also try to sooth your soul by providing you with the most popular method AYUERVEDA for relaxing your body and mind and healing spiritual and physical problems by herbal treatments, various relaxing bath and body massages along with physical exercises such as yoga, aerobics and particular diets which help one feel relaxing and completely enjoying this lavishness of life which you usually do not cherish in your daily routine (Sri Lanka Tourism Guide). Shopping Destinations: Apart from beautiful and lavish shopping malls in Colombo and other larger cities, one can also enjoy traditional villager shopping in small villages and handcraft material from local vendor on a very cheap price, while brass work of Sri Lanka is also very famous due to its finesse. Another purchase f Sri Lanka are its silverware that is also given as a souvenir at times but the most famous of all are the widest variety of stone found in Sri Lanka because of which Sri Lanka is considered among the largest gem producer country therefore you can also facilitate yourself by getting yourself these stones on your visit (Sri Lanka Tourism Guide). Adventures Sports: Sri Lanka offers the chances of indulging in all kinds of sports specially adventures involving waters as it has more than 100 beaches which facilitate you to go for water skiing, water surfing, scuba diving, boating, Speed boating. Moreover these sports are run under the supervision of professionals and when you are thorough professionals you can also try killer fall, head chopper and drop. Apart from water adventure one can also enjoy wildlife, forest exploration, mountain climbing for being able to witness the worlds most beautiful scenery ahead. Beautiful waterfalls are also one of the desirable scenes to watch in Sri Lanka. Safari which happens to be the national park of Sri Lanka has variety of animals including different kinds of mammals, elephant, hog, porcupine, ant eater and variety of monkeys as well. Islands have different kinds of reptile (snakes, crocodiles as well) making it dangerous to wander carelessly as it is said that out of all these hundreds of reptile kinds 5 of snake found are deadly.(Sri Lanka Tourism Guide) Festivals: Sri Lanka is a city of on going entertainment and therefore every season you will witness some kind of celebration going on. Cultural festivals, Harvest festivals or some regional ceremonies are always taking place. All these are the exclusive offering which is given by the Sri Lankan tourism organization to its tourists depending on their affordability level. Apart from those basic facilities like accommodation, transport, breakfast benefits are usually included in the tourism package. CONCLUSION: In the end it is concluded that tourism organization faces extreme global issues and if they want to be ahead of others they must constantly bring innovation intro their product portfolio. Strategies should be made and tourism organizations must follow them step by step. REFRENCES: David Weaver. 2005. The Ecotourism concept and tourism conservation symbiosis. Journal of sustainable tourism 13 (4): 376-389. Fainstein, S.S. and Gladstone, D. (1999) Evaluating urban tourism, in D.R. Judd and S.S. Fainstein (eds) The Tourist City, New Haven: Yale University Press. Getz, D. (1997). Event Management Event Tourism. Cognizant Communication Corporation Lankford, S. V. (1994). Attitudes and perceptions toward tourism andrural regional development. Journal of Travel Research, 31(3), 35-43. Lohmann, Martin (2004): The 31st Reiseanalyse RA 2001. Tourism; Vol. 49, NÂ ° 1 / 2001; pp 65 67, Zagreb. Lohmann, M. Danielsson, J. (2001): Predicting Travel Patterns of Senior Citizens: How the Past May Provide a Key to the Future. Journ.of vacation marketing, Vol. 7, NÂ ° 4, pp. 357 366 Long, P. T (1990). Rural resident tourismperceptions and attitudes by community level of tourism. Journal of TravelResearch, 28(3), 3-9. Mathieson and Wall, 1982, Tourism; economic, physical and social impacts, Longman House groups in tourism centers. Journal of Travel Research, 21 (3), 8-12. Morrison(1998). Convention and visitor bureaus in the USA: a profile of bureaus: bureau executives and budgets. Journal of Travel and Tourism marketing, 7, 1-19. Mossberg, L. (Ed) (2000). Evaluation of Events: Scandinavian Experiences. The United States of America: Cognizant Communication Corporation.

How is Lady Macbeth presented by Shakespeare? Essay

How is Lady Macbeth presented by Shakespeare? In what ways does she change through the course of the play, and how does this affect the audience’s response? Introduction Macbeth is a Scottish play written by William Shakespeare between 1603 and 1606 and the links between King James and this tragedy are evident. The themes presented in this play are ambition, desire, and succession to the thrown, loyalty, order and greed. I will be analysing how Shakespeare portrays and presents Lady Macbeth through different stages and events in the play. Para 1 The audience first meets Lady Macbeth in Act 1 scene 5. She is reading Macbeth’s letter alone. After reading the letter she displays her thoughts about Macbeth becoming the king. The audience is instantly shown that Lady Macbeth is ambitious, as the first words she utters are, â€Å"Glamis thou art, and Cawdor, and shalt be† This shows that she believes that Macbeth will be the thane of Cawdor. However, she describes Macbeth’s flaws as well as his qualities in negative and positive images, † †¦I do fear thy nature, It is too full o’th’milk of human kindness.† Lady Macbeth is saying that Macbeth’s kindness to others is a weakness in his nature and character. Also, that it may adversely affect him becoming the king as he is not ruthless. She says that this ruthlessness ‘illness’ that Macbeth doesn’t have, saying Macbeth will take any opportunity that comes his way, but he only wants to win his honours honestly. He wants to be king even though the throne is not his by right, but he will not play falsely. Lady Macbeth decides that she will have to help him to find the necessary determination. The audience can see that Lady Macbeth is domineering and ambitious. We learn that Macbeth’s wife is ‘his dearest partner of greatness’. This salutation may suggest that he looks toward her for help as she possesses a power and supremacy that he sees. She has power over him and he obeys her. However, they do love each other as is shown=== Q The captain describes Macbeth as brave and determined as is described earlier in the play, ‘For brave Macbeth (well deserves that name †¦which smoked with bloody execution.† The captain praises Macbeth’s savagery in battles because it has preserved the rightful king and has shown Macbeth to be loyal. Lady Macbeth also agrees that her husband is determined and loyal when she says, ‘woulds’t not play false’ (p.35, line 20) However, she believes that he is to weak and kind and would not kill to get his way. Para 2 In this soliloquy in act 1 scene 5. A messenger comes to tell Lady Macbeth that King Duncan will arrive that night. Lady Macbeth is excited, seeing this as the perfect opportunity to make Macbeth king. She calls the spirits of darkness to take away her natural womanliness and to fill her instead with the worst of bitterness, wickedness and cruelty so that she can help Macbeth commit this act. She does not want any natural feelings of regret or conscience to get in the way of what she intends. â€Å"Come, you spirits†¦ †¦unsex me here And fill me from the crown to the toe topfull Of direst cruelty.† Like Macbeth she asks the powers of darkness to hide her thoughts so that not even the forces the forces of heaven can see through the ‘blanket of the dark’. So the true nature is concealed. A 17th century audience could find this disturbing as she is subverting the qualities and features of a typical woman. Lady Macbeth would’ve been played by a man, therefore, this speech would become more convincing and realistic. Women in the 17th were usually stereotyped as motherly, meek and complacent towards their husbands. Whereas, Lady Macbeth is an atypical woman who commands her husband. The similarities that we can draw from Lady Macbeth and the witches are uncovered when Lady Macbeth uses the word ‘raven’ as the whiches also use animals such as a cat and a frog. Para 3 At the beginning of the scene (act 1 scene 7) Macbeth informs the audience about his doubts and fears which taunt him. Macbeth convinces himself not to murder Duncan by giving three reasons, â€Å"First, as I am his kinsman and his subject, Strong both against the deed.† Macbeth is stating that he is a loyal subject to King Duncan. He also says, â€Å"Then, as his host, Who should against his murderer shut the door, Not bear the knife myself.† He is saying that he should be protecting the king rather than trying to kill him. Lastly, Macbeth adds, â€Å"Besides, this Duncan Hath borne his faculties so meek, hath been So clear in his great office, that his virtues Will plead like angels.† Macbeth’s conscience is very persuasive. He tells himself that Duncan’s goodness and kindness is such that his murder would provoke tremendous outcry. Images of heaven and hell are linked†¦ Para 4 At the beginning of Act 2 scene 2 the audience can sense that Lady Macbeth waits anxiously for Macbeth. Lady Macbeth is very nervous and agitated, â€Å"Alack! I am afraid they have awaked, And tis not done: Th’attempt and not the deed Comforms us.† This tells us that she is very panicky and doesn’t want to get caught, if she does get caught her life being a queen will be ruined. When Macbeth arrives Lady Macbeth is very happy and knows that the deed, â€Å"my husband!† she says. The murder is over and Lady Macbeth is relieved but Macbeth’s got a feeling he might get caught. Macbeth won’t take back the daggers because he is so ashamed that he has done the murder and he can’t say, â€Å"Amen.† All this happens because Lady Macbeth ignores the rules of humanity and organised society, pursuing her own ruthless motives. However, repeatedly Lady Macbeth gives the appearance of being in control but she was unable to kill the king herself, claiming he looked too much like her father, † Had he not resembled My father as he slept, I had done’t.† This feeling of guilt is a glimpse of a more human side revealed to the audience. She, too, seems to realise the wrongness of the murder. Not much later she advises her husband, â€Å"These deeds must not be thought, After these ways: so, it will make us mad.† Both Lady Macbeth and Macbeth’s character is different in this scene. At the start of the scene Lady Macbeth is nervous and doesn’t want to do the murder, but Macbeth is confident and does the murder. After the murder Macbeth is scared and is in a trance of what he has done. Lady Macbeth has calmed down and regained her self-composure. Para 5 During the banquet in Act 3 scene 4, Macbeth sees the ghost of Banquo sitting in his place. Lady Macbeth reacts to Macbeth by quietly accusing her husband of being a coward, as she did at the time of Duncan’s murder, â€Å"Are you a man?† (p.63). Lady Macbeth tries to attack his masculinity and state of mind by questioning it, â€Å"Why do you make such faces? When all’s done, You look but on a stool.†(p.63) She is trying to convince Macbeth that there is nothing there. Lady Macbeth says all he needs is sleep, but this is ironic, as Macbeth has ‘murdered sleep’ and Banquo has risen from his ‘sleep’. Lady Macbeth is trying to cover up for her husband’s behaviour. This behaviour is making Lady Macbeth more insecure and anxious even though she taunts Macbeth, this time she is weary. In contrast to her powerful speeches at the end of act 1, here she only suggests that he needs sleep. Once the ghost has vanished Macbeth expresses, â€Å"I am a man again.†(p.65) Lady Macbeth then utters, â€Å"You have displaced the mirth, broke the good meeting, With most admired disorder.† (p.65) The greater part of the play is devoted to this part. He is king. We see Macbeth in action, others comment on his reign of terror. Macbeth is king but he wants to be safe king where he has nothing to fear and he fears Banquo a lot because he is the only one that has seen and heard the witches tell Macbeth the prophecies: – â€Å"To be thus is nothing, But to be safely thus: our fears in Banquo Stick deep, and in his royal nature Reigns that which would be feared.† Macbeth’s tells the murderers that they were treated badly by Banquo and this is the time to kill him, but Macbeth doesn’t want to get involved in the murder. He wants the murderers to get the blame. The murderers do whatever they are commanded: – â€Å"We shall my lord, Perform what you command us, Though our lives.† This is a sign that being King Macbeth means getting so much respect. In comparison from the moment he is crowned king. Macbeth executes a reign of terror that has already started with the killing of Duncan, together with his wife he is ruthless in pursuing his own selfish aims. He organises the death of those whom he se †¦ Macbeth: Lady Macbeth’s Character Lady Macbeth is a controversial figure. She is seen by some as a woman of strong will who is ambitious for herself and who is astute enough to recognise her husband’s strenghts and weaknesses, and ruthless enough to exploit them. They see her in her commitment to evil and in her realisation that the acquisition of the Crown has not brought her the hapipiness she had expected, and finally, as one who breaks down nuder the strain. Others see her as a woman ambitious for her husband whom she loves. She recognises the essential good in him, and feels that, without her, he will never win the Crown. She allies herself with the powers of darkness for his sake, but here inherent(congenital) femininity beraks down under the strain of the unnatural murder of Duncan and the alienation of her husband. She is seen as simple and realistic where Macbeth is complicated and imaginative. She can see what must be done; he visualises the consequence. There is a vast difference between Macduff’s â€Å"O gentle Lady ‘Tis not for you to hear what I can speak The repetition in a woman’s ear Would murder as it fell.† ACT II, Sc.ii and Malcolm’s assessment of her as a â€Å"fiend-like queen† (Act IV, Sc.vii). So we must examine the text. To Macbeth, in his letter to her, she is his â€Å"dearest partner of greatness†, an indication of love and trust. We see her as she analyses his virtues and weaknesses and decides to overcome his scruples, â€Å"hie thee hither That I may pour my spirits at thine ear† Is there any evidence here as to why she wishes him to be king? Overcome By Ambition – When she calls on the powers of evil to unsex her and make her cruel, does this imply that she fears her own womanliness and realises the unnaturalness of the murder of Duncan? Is she, like Macbeth just an ordinary human being overcome with ambition? Does she really lose her womanliness? Do the words(Act I, Sc. ii) â€Å"Had he not resembled My father as he slept, I had done’t† imply that she is still a woman with a woman’s tendernesss? Does she show herself strong willed and more determined than Macbeth, Act I, Sc.vii, as she argues and demands his agreement to the murder? Is she alloy by exploiting his love for her when she makes his consent to murder a test of his love? Is she being cynical when she inverts logic and reality in asking him if he is afraid to be what he wants to be and in suggesting that to be a true man he must take what he wants? Must she take some of Macbeth’s guilt here? In the murder scene (ActII, Sc.ii) she resorts to wine to give her courage. Does this also show that she has not been filled from top to toe with â€Å"direst cruelty†? She is aware, too, that dwelling on the moral aspect of the murder â€Å"will make us mad†. The Better Criminal? – She seems to be the better criminal; she remembers the details that Macbeth has overlooked, â€Å"Why did you bring these daggers from the place?† and shows her as she brings the daggers back. Does she really despise Macbeth when she argues him of wearing â€Å"a heart so white†? Or is she afraidfor him that he may betray himself? In Act II, Sc.ii, when she calls for help does she do so because of her feminie weakness, or is she afraid that Macduff may question Macbeth further as to his killing of the chamberlains? If the latter, does it again illustrate her quick thinking? Unhappiness – In Act III, Sc.ii, Lady Macbeth is coming to realise that the Crown has not brought happiness, â€Å"Nought’s had, all’s spent, Where our desire is got without content.† Is she suffering from remorse here, or does she think that the murder of Duncan has alienated Macbeth from her? â€Å"How now, my Lord! Why do you keep alone?† Is she worried that he is unhappy? She tries to console him, â€Å"what’s done is done.† and to rally his spirits. She again shows her presence of mind in the Ghost scene when he becomes ‘unmanned’, but then, she does not see the Ghost. She uses the old stragedy of appealing to his manliness, but without success. When the guests have departed she does not upbraid Macbeth, but makes excuses for him that he lacks â€Å"the season of all natures, sleep.† Does this show her gentleness and compassion towards him? Or does she feel that further argument would be useless? The Sleep-Walking Scene – We do not meet her again until this scene. She has now been reduced to a poor, mad creature, broken by events. Our last view of her is her delusion of nearness to Macbeth. Is there a stress on her sense of guilt, her despair and, perhaps still, her determination? Macbeth’s few words about her (Act V,Sc.v) may be uttered in an indifferent tone, or even with a sense of something already lost. In the end, perhaps, we feel guilty for her, but we may still remember what appeared to be hardness and cruelty. +Persuading Macbeth She says that he is acting as if he were drunk when he clothed himself in his hopes to become king. In a powerful speech she explains how far she would ne prepared to go to get what she wanted. Lady Macbeth tells him that if, like him, she had sworn to do something, then, before she would go back on her word, she would ‘pluck her own baby from sucking milk at her nipple and dash its brains out’.

The Nicaraguan and Cuban Revolution

Nicaragua, the state with the least â€Å"fertile dirt for the proliferation of Left groups† , was the lone state where a revolution prevailed following the Cuban Revolution ( 4 ) . Despite many similarities between Cuba and Nicaragua, they established rather distinguishable revolutions. InSandinista, Matilde Zimmermann, frequently compares and contrasts the FSLN motion with the Cuban Revolution. In add-on, she besides provides non merely a thorough survey of the military and ideological leader Carlos Fonseca, but offers insight into the development of the FSLN. Unlike the Cuban Revolution, the Nicaraguan revolution under the leading of the FSLN was chiefly a societal revolution. Harmonizing to Zimmermann, the FSLN of Carlos Fonseca was responsible for mobilising the Nicaraguans into a societal revolution. However, following Fonseca’s decease, Zimmermann attributes the death of the revolution to the fact that the Sandinistas failed to follow Fonseca’s vision. Although Cuba and Nicaragua both suffered from inhibitory and weak democratic establishments, their revolutions are distinguishable. On the one manus, Cuba experienced a political revolution. The societal ends of the revolutionists were 2nd to the political 1s and remained mistily defined even after 1959. The revolution in Nicaragua was a societal revolution. The bulk of the Nicaraguan population massively supported the actions of the FSLN. The same can non be said about Cuba, where the bulk of the Cuban population was non mobilized by the Rebels. The radical battle against Somoza was marked by category struggle and the resistance against Batista was non. Despite the differences, the Cuban revolution in peculiar the leading of Che Guevara and Fidel Castro had a important impact on the development of Carlos Fonseca’s political political orientation. Zimmermann argues that the Cuban revolution had a profound influence on Fonseca’s thought and the Sandinista motion ( 9 ) . The voluntarism of Che Guevara and the personal appeal of Fidel Castro captured the attending of Third World hereafter revolutionists. For Fonseca, the triumph of the Cuban Revolution convinced him that revolution was possible and that a new organisation was needed to take it ( 56 ) . Fonseca found a hero in Che Guevara and became influenced by Che’s Hagiographas. Fonseca set out to double the Cuban triumph in Nicaragua. Similar to Fidel Castro’s usage of Jose Marti in Cuba, Fonseca appealed to the nationalist image of Augusto Sandino. Sandino’s battle in the 1930s divine Fonseca and as a consequence Sandino became a Nicaraguan rallying symbol for the revolution ( 61 ) . Fonseca’s political authorship remained committed to both socialist revolution and national release from imperialism. Sandino and Che Guevara were the two most of import influences on Fonseca’s political idea. Guevara’s Marxism and Sandino’s patriotism became rooted in a motion capable of doing a successful revolution. Carlos Fonseca’s political political orientation became woven into early FSLN literature and philosophy. Carlos Fonseca was really much the motivation force behind the Sandinistas. In the Historic Program, Fonseca outlined his doctrine of encompassing the experiences of the Nicaraguan workers and provincials. This doctrine was cardinal to the FSLN initial platform ( 208 ) . Unlike the 26th of July Movement, whose forces merely represented a minority of the Cuban population, the Sandinista alliance was genuinely representative of the lower sector of Nicaraguan society. From the get downing the FSLN was organized chiefly to stand for workers, provincials, and the urban hapless. They believed in educating the lower category by transfusing in them an apprehension of Nicaraguan history, which taught them about the Nicaraguan battle against imperialism ( 191 ) . In add-on, this doctrine contributed to the entreaty of the FSLN and helped mobilise immature activists. Throughout the sixtiess, Fonseca and the little group of vernal revolutionists launched a guerrilla motion. Fonseca helped form g uerilla units, recruited clandestinely for future action, and endured prison. Despite the frequent lickings, Fonseca’s strength and dedication to the cause helped keep the integrity of the organisation during long periods of belowground being. In the late seventiess, the members of the FSLN became divided and frequently argued over scheme and tactics. Zimmerman demonstrates that Fonseca understood the grounds for the divisions and differ with the cabals ( 184 ) . In 1975, Fonseca returned to Nicaragua to repair the rifts in the FSLN and to re-validate his leading. However, Fonseca died on his manner to a jungle acme meeting he called with the purpose of mending the divisions. Following his decease, the factional struggle became significantly worse. The three different cabals in the FSLN: the Insurrectional Tendency, the Prolonged People’s War, and the Proletarian Tendency, strayed off from the Historic Program designed by Fonseca ( 208 ) . In add-on the FSLN became more moderate. Zimmerman argues that the 1978 revision of the 1969 Historic Program foreshadowed a continual series of via medias intended to lenify the national businessperson resistance ( 208 ) . The FSLN bit by bit abandoned their ain radical docket. In 1979, the Sandinistas succeeded in subverting the Somoza government. The FSLN without Fonseca lost Fonseca’s focal point on apprehension and reacting to hapless Nicaraguans and their diverse signifiers of development. Rather than prosecuting them as radical topics, they made the multitudes the object of radical policy, a displacement that produced opposition instead than dialogue. In add-on, the arguments that gave rise to the FSLN cabals remained integral within the nine leaders of the National Directorate ( 226 ) . The Directorate lost sight about what was best for Nicaraguan workers and provincials. Although the FSLN claimed to be regulating in the involvement of workers and provincials, their refusal to convey new leaders from oppressed societal categories to the Directorate did non back up their claim. In the 1990s, National Directorate led to another split. That, along with the civil war took a important political toll on the FSLN. In February 1990, after a disruptive decennary in power, the FSLN was voted out of office when Conservative leader Violeta Chamorro round Daniel Ortega in the presidential race ( 228 ) . By taking to concentrate on the political vision and political orientation of Carlos Fonseca, Zimmermann was able to explicate the flight of the Nicaraguan Revolution as a gradual procedure. Carlos Fonseca was influenced significantly from the successes of the Cuban Revolution. Although certain facets of the Cuban Revolution were different, it did supply Fonseca with a political design of how he planned on conveying about a revolution in Nicaragua. Fonseca’s thoughts were to a great extent influenced by the instructions of Che Guevara and Augusto Sandino. He chose to concentrate on the Nicaraguan workers and provincials. This doctrine became the FSLN initial political platform. The early FSLN under Fonseca used this platform to make out to the laden categories and mobilized them against the Somoza Regime. Following the decease of Fonseca, the FSLN in power became more moderate, to a great extent divided, and bit by bit strayed away from Fonseca’s vision. By 1990, the FS LN had wholly changed. They still honored Fonseca as a radical icon, but they no longer incorporated his doctrines into their policies. The FSLN in power shifted off from the involvements of the workers and provincials which created much opposition. Zimmermann finally argues that it was the Sandinistas’ treachery of the thoughts and illustrations of Carlos Fonseca that attributed to the death of the revolution.

The Design of Microsoft® Support Network 1.0 - 1158 Words

Microsoft Corporation Microsoft Corporation: The Design of Microsoft ® Support Network 1.0 1. What factors suggest that Microsofts PSS Division needs a more comprehensive and flexible approach for its service offerings? Admittedly, Microsofts support services were not as good as those offered by some competitors. Several factors contributed to the nondescript nature of Microsoft services. Previous support service policy had been determined at the product level. Annually, each product manager negotiated with PSS over the type, extent, and pricing of services to be offered to customers along with their products. Because Microsoft had 150 products, the result was a hodgepodge of service offerings. Some products had no support†¦show more content†¦Gates was willing to invest significant resources into technical support services to improve their overall quality and customer perceptions of them. †¢ Choice, Quality, and Simplicity should characterize all technical support programs. Based upon several market research studies and experience, the task force concluded that customer satisfaction would be sustained by delivering technical support that met customer needs in three ways. First, support programs should offer customers a choice. Those who did not want to pay for support they didnt need should be able to buy software alone, at a price that did not include service costs. At the same time, customers that wanted more support and were willing to pay extra for it could also do so. Second, all technical support provided by Microsoft should meet or exceed industry standards for quality. Third, all technical support programs should be marked by simplicity; that is, customers should have little difficulty understanding Microsofts offering and how it applied specifically to their needs. †¢ Technical support services should be a cost center for the Microsoft Corporation. On this point, there was uniform agreement in the company. As managers saw it, Microsofts core competence was its technology. Though important, technical support services were not seen as a potential source of corporate profits. Instead, Microsoft was prepared to invest in them in